International Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

International Marketing - Assignment Example A number of scholars states that this system can be traced back to 6000 years back (Kapil, 2011). International marketing generally involves recognizing the fact that people across the globe have different needs and requirements. In simple terms, it is defined as marketing across the national borders (Campbell, 2009). In this paper, such difficulties will be uncovered and along with that solutions to those problems will be also highlighted. Apart from that, the significance of important tools such as multinational marketing information system (MMIS), IMC etc. will be also highlighted. The firm chosen for this purpose from the UK market in Vodafone and the BEM (Big Emerging Market) selected for the company to enter is Brazil. Investigation on Vodafone’s international presence have shown that the company is yet to make its presence in the Brazilian market and Brazil being one of the largest country with emerging economy is a justified choice. Question 1 Trade is becoming increas ingly global and is increasing in size at a robust rate. A number of reasons for this are responsible. One of the most evident one is the progress of technology. The improvement of transportation and communication system has provided companies with heap of opportunities and that made business and trade more practical (Nelson, 1999). The rapid expansion of business houses across the national borders has also tendered opportunities for the customers to avail the best products of different countries. The level of competition has also increased due to globalization as firms compete to produce the best product and offer the highest quality services (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2004). However, an organization operating in the overseas market has to face certain difficulties in getting accustomed with the situation of the target country. The issues arise in the form of cultural differences, language differences and differences in the market characteristics. Although, the problems mentioned above ap pears after the beginning of operation, but prior to that a number of issues also take place during the phase of market research. An international company might also face difficulties when attempting to research the market for a product or service (Holmquist, 2012). Vodafone is a telecommunication company and therefore the telecommunication sector of Brazil needs to be evaluated. Large companies across the globe have identified that international markets offer huge potentiality for the success of a business. In terms of the market size, countries such as India, Brazil, Russia and China are huge. Furthermore, the purchasing power of the consumers belonging to these countries is significant. Despite that, a company has to deal with a number of difficulties and complexities when attempting to research the market for a product or service in the chosen country. Nowadays, companies and other establishments use marketing research techniques so as to manage and minimize the risks associated with the market (Linder, 2006). Several studies have shown that companies do not spend much amount in developing products that market research indicates will be unsuccessful in the market. However, it is also true that marketing research at times did not shows proper results. The marketing research process is costly and at times produces results that are questionable. Now for Vodafone to enter the Brazilian market with its telecommunication products, it needs

Conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 Essay Example for Free

Conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 Essay The main reason for conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 was labour disunity?† Access the validity of this view I agree with this statement as the labour party leaders were ageing. The labour leaders were from the pre-war era therefore it meant that they were not in touch with the population. This led to labour disunity throughout the years as it caused Attlee to retire, he found that he couldn’t understand what the young wanted. For the public they left their trust with the labour party and put it in the conservatives as they felt that labour had failed to create the consumer revolution that everyone had hoped for. By 1951 the public were also fed up with the rationing that they still had to endure even though the war had ended 6 years ago therefore this helped the conservative dominance in those years. Another reason as to why labour disunity was to blame for labour dominance was the growing split in the party caused by the Bevanites and Gaitskillites. The split in the party was due to Gaitskell introducing prescription and dentistry charges. Bevan supported the left wing of the party whereas Gaitskell supported the right wing of the party and followed Attlee in becoming the next leader of labour government. The split led to disunity as Gaitskell didn’t have the full support of the party; his ideas were always going to be argued against. Another reason why the split caused disunity in the labour party was to do with the trade unions. The trade unions were supporting the left wing of the party; this was a problem particularly during the Scarborough conference in 1960. Frank Cousins was the leader of the one of the most powerful unions, TGWU (transport and general workers) and was an extreme left wing. He led fierce opposition to Gaitskell over Britain’s nuclear weapons. Gaitskell wanted Britain to have nuclear weapons because of the looming threat of Russia, during the cold war; they could wipe out countries at any time. At the party conference in Scarborough Frank Cousins opposed Gaitskell’s leadership over the labour party and in particular nuclear weapons. He challenged Gaitskell over his decision not to refect unilateral disarmament. This caused disunity in the party because it showed to the public how weak the labour party was if a trade union leader, who had no power within the party was able to dictate what they did. It showed to them that someone who was a small minority was able to gather a lot of power. It was humiliation for Gaitskell because it showed he wasn’t able to control what was happening to the party. Alsoà ‚  disunity in the party was due to the fact that the left wing of the party was closely associated with CND (campaign for nuclear disarmament). The left wing side of the labour party were in favour of nuclear disarmament and being connected with nuclear disarmament scared many labour supporters. Many people were not in favour of nuclear disarmament as it was at the height of the cold war and they were scared of a nuclear war happening; this link between the CND and the labour party could have led to many voters turning away from the labour party in the 1959 election. Another reason which could have turned people away from voting for the labour party in the 1959 election was the association of CND being anti-government. Their ‘unilateralism’ became a powerful magnet for anti-government protest in some ways it almost was seen as a substitute for opposition in government. With many labour left-wingers associated with one of the most powerful pressure groups in Britain it made people question the ideas that the labour government had and their ability to run the country. The final reason for a split in labour disunity was clause four. Clause four was the commitment to nationalisation of everything which was a step towards socialism and communism. Gaitskell put forward the idea to abolish this clause and labours commitment to nationalisation to nationalisation. He was impressed with the way Germany had dumped their commitments to Marxist ideas in their party conference in 1959. Many people including the left wing of labour opposed this ide a and Gaitskell had to back down from his idea. With events happening in the world connected with socialism and communism, the abolishment of clause four was linked to the ideas of radical socialism which scared people as it was too close to communism for their liking. However it wasn’t just the labour disunity that caused the conservative party to remain dominant. The conservatives had strengths of their own that they used to the best of their ability. When conservatives came into power in 1951 it marked the end of the austerity era and the start of the post war boom. From 1952 most economic indicators pointed upwards with the boom in car ownership, home ownership increased, helped by the easy access to cheap mortgages and food rationing ended completely in 1954. Harold Macmillan who was then the housing minister fulfilled the election pledge of getting new homes constructed above 300,000 per year. The age of affluence helped keep the conservatives dominant in politics as it meant the public saw that party  as the ones who could make a change. Also the conservatives keeping their promises meant the public would respect them. In the run up to the 1955 election Butler was able to boost conservative election prospects with a ‘give-away’ budget. This meant for people in the middle classes would be provided with  £134 million in tax cuts. For these middle classes it meant an overwhelming support in favour of the conservatives because of the classes that might not have been able to afford the consumer goods were given a chance to. For the conservatives in the 1955 general election the public mood was what was described as a ‘feel good’ factor. They wanted the continuation of the consumer goods and therefore they would continue to vote for the conservatives as they saw them as the party who would be able to offer them it. Another reason for conservative dominance was that the national press was overwhelmingly in favour with the conservatives. During the 1955 election this helped win support and it also helped during Macmillan’s time as prime minister. Macmillan seemed to have the media in the palm of his hand using the new political opportunities that were provided by the television. With the conservative party gaining wide spread coverage throughout the country and labour not, it meant people knew more about the conservative party. With the national press focusing on the conservatives it gave them enough attention to win the elections crushing labour in every defeat. An important reason for the conservative dominance was the personalities that led the party. Winston Churchill gained his reputation for leading Britain to victory during the war. However during his post war leadership he was very much absent and Anthony Eden the acting prime minister led the conservatives. Eden was the first prime minister that the public felt they could understand what they wanted. Anthony Eden was said to have ‘represented contemporary manhood.’ This led the public to believe that for the first time after the war they would receive the benefits that they wanted. Eden has also many progressive ideas in domestic affairs however in the end this was his downfall. The Suez crisis split the conservative party and for the first time it looked like they would be weakened and labour would take power however it didn’t. Eden was resigned in 1957 and Harold Macmillan who led the campaign to abort the Suez crisis emerged as prime minister. He restored the party unity and in the 1959 led the conservatives to another win in the election. Macmillan from 1957 showed  his aura of confidence and political mastery. This showed to the public that the politicians and leaders in the party were strong willed and would do anything in their power to protect their country. This gave the conservatives the respect that they needed to go on and win the elections. Overall I think that although the labour party were weak, and this weakness led to the conservatives dominating politics and government; conservative dominance was due to the power that the leaders had. The people saw that this party was able to give them everything they wanted with the age of affluence. Also conservatives made sure that labour supporters would change sides as they gave respect to the labour’s post war consensus. With keeping with the post war consensus it showed to the people they were leaders who knew what they party wanted and not the ageing leader s in the labour party.

The Impact of ISPs on the Architecture of the Internet :: Internet Cause Effect Papers

The Impact of ISPs on the Architecture of the Internet The Internet was started over three decades ago as a US government sponsored project. The Internet originally connected several universities and the government; it eventually grew to include some private companies/research labs. As such, the initial users of the Internet were scientists/technologists who were well versed in the workings of the network (and who did not have the malicious intents of modern hackers). The motivation of the Internet at this time was to provide a robust nationwide communication network and to allow for the sharing of scientific research/resources around the nation1. The original architecture of the Internet is often described as an end-to-end architecture. The end-to-end architecture is a decentralized one in which a â€Å"mechanism should not be placed in the network if it can be placed at the end node† 2. This type of design keeps the core of the network simple and generic. Since that time, however, the scale of the Internet has grown exponentially. It became increasingly difficult for a government-sponsored network to scale to such sizes, so the government gradually turned the network over to the private sector. Since the government is no longer responsible for access to the Internet, private companies – Internet Service Providers (ISPs) – have emerged to provide access to this vast network. These ISPs, of course, are private companies whose principal goal is to make a profit – a radical contrast to the goal of the original ISP, the US government. The rise of ISPs as dominant players in today’s Internet has been a catalyst for a more centralized network that is shifting away from the original end to end design; this change has been a negative one for it has hurt the most important group associated with the Internet – the end users. One of the most fundamental changes from the early days of the Internet to today has been the shift to privatization. It is the profit-making end of ISPs that drives their actions and it is in this interest that ISPs are attempting to move the Internet away from its end-to-end beginnings. In order to make a profit, ISPs must first attract a sizeable number of customers to buy their service and then obtain a significant profit for the services they provide. In the free market economy, ISPs must compete with one another for customers; to be competitive in this market, ISPs must have some attractive feature to offer customers: low prices, unlimited connection hours, high speed access, or some other attractive service that is unique to that particular ISP.

Music is the Only Universal Language Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Music is the Only Universal Language When people think of the term literacy, they most commonly define it as the ability to read and write, in the verbal sense. But there is a wide range of literacy apart from that, which also requires mastering a set of crucial skills. One such example is musical literacy, which is the ability to read, write, or appreciate music. Musical literacy is not all that different from the verbal kind. Leonard G. Ratner, when speaking of 18th and 19th century music, writes "Both language and music had their vocabulary, syntax, and arrangement of formal structures, subsumed under the title Rhetoric" (xiv). In other words, music, like language, is based on its own set of learned rules, and both serve as a form of communication. But what exactly does it mean to be musically literate? One example is the ability to look at a piece of music and know how its components fit together, such as scales, key signatures, crescendos, and other parts. This is known as sight-reading, where people play an unfamiliar piece of music at first glance, because they understand counting and basic underlying principles. But musical literacy also has a wider definition. Listening to a symphony, playing a musical instrument, or even humming along to a song on the radio all show a general understanding of musical principles. Once an individual obtains this understanding, doors are opened. That person can appreciate music on a more complex level, and musical literacy adds to a well-rounded personality and view of the world. Once people actually understand what is going on behind music, they gain a newer appreciation of its sounds. On a personal note, I have played the piano for about 8 years, and it has opened doors for... ...s of ability. Music can be used to express everything from emotions to political opinions. It uniquely soothes us when we are unhappy, and echoes our highest spirits. Simply put, the world would be an emptier place without literacy to translate those feelings into a language that everyone understands. Overall, music is unique by its duality. Different forms are partial to a particular culture or time period, but every form can reach people all over the world and throughout time. To be literate musically is to spread thoughts and expression, and sometimes those musical ideas weigh more heavily than language can. Music serves as a bridge between generations, societies, and opinions, and without literacy, the world would be a much more restrictive place. WORKS CITED Ratner, Leonard G. Classic Music: Expression, form, and Style. London: Schirmer Books, 1980.

Nineteen Eighty-four and Treasure Chest

We came up with some good things for the treasure chest this morning (our most clever Stasiland ideas), but I keep thinking of more! These are the kind of things that I would put in my treasure chest. * Anna’s interest in understanding WHY people might choose to work for the Stasi (and by default what she learns by interviewing Stasi men). She needs to gain insight and make sense of it – and thus we go on this journey with her.   The sense that everyone has a story and was impacting by this regime * The need for many of the characters to come to terms with the past (Vergangenheitsbewaltigung) and how some are still stuck with the Mauer im Kopf. Link to this the Germans not being sure of what to do with the past as well. Think about the Hitler bunker example. * The fact that the Stasi controlled through fear, but could not completely control the populace by dictating what was popular (the Lipsi, the Black Channel) * Parallels to George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four and the term Orwellian to describe the Stasi’s level of surveillance.   The significance of Julia who keeps coming into Anna’s apartment and removing things. Like the Communists when they took over Germany, but also symptomatic of her inability to settle. Much like Miriam who needs to live in a space which is open. * An exploration of how humanity can treat each other in inhumane ways. Questioning how this was possible after the atrocities of the Nazis. * A need to link passages to other stories in the text * â€Å"I don’t want to be German any more† * Anna’s clear disapproval of Ostalgie * Her use of various German stereotypes, possibly even her liking of theSticklebrick nature of the language.

Sex Trafficking Essays

Sex Trafficking Essays Sex Trafficking Essay Sex Trafficking Essay Comparative Review March 11, 2013 Thesis: Legalizing Prostitution will stop the spread of illicit Sex Trafficking. It seems like a normal day in her little village, until two shady men come and take her and all the young girls around the same age as her from their families. She is terrified and is scared of what may come next. The man repeatedly compliments her on her beauty and touches her silk soft skin. Crying only makes things worse and makes the man very angry. He hits them and calls them bad names as a punishment. Its been days since they took us, and has only given us little amounts of water to stay some what hydrated; and no food. This feeling is so surreal and this stuff actually does happen, beyond what people may think they know women and kids are being taken. In the article Enslaved in America by Tina Frundt it explains how typically Americans look the other way when they see prostitution but, neglect that these girls 50 percent of the time are forced into the Sex Trafficking lifestyle. On the other hand Brenda Zurita’s article Legalization or harm reduction of prostitution and sexual trafficking writes about the government and the Sex trafficking laws says a different story. Sex Trafficking is illegal in the United States but why is there girls forced out of their homes and into this modern day slavery still occurring. In Bruce Kennedy’s Would legalizing prostitution help the US economy, it explains in simple terms how much one difference will create safer jobs and bring it much needed money to our economy. Which brings me to my next point; Prostitution should be legalized for those who want to retire in this way of life. It will have a positive effect on the economy bringing in billions in taxable income. In the increasing epidemic with Sex Trafficking; Tina Frundt, explains why this is truly a big issue worldwide. With this crime being unrecognized to a certain degree as it should in the shadows its really happening. The purpose of this article is to help understand the reasons â€Å"why. † Truthfully when I think of this topic I think of all the girls overseas who are being taken from their homes. As Frundt explains this is not only my opinion; most people have the same thoughts and are in the blind that this happens so close to home too. Not everything is said out to be the way it really is. All the bliss and publicity that the â€Å"pimps† is point blank ridiculous. â€Å"Young people use pimp in everyday conversation: my ride is pimped out, your clothes are pimping. They do not understand the reality behind the term. (Frundt)† This is a subliminal message about Sex Trafficking, the word is so powerful that it is misused and now taken for what it really is. Sex trafficking victims live in a cold, heartless, mistreated, and world full of violence. Raped and beat on the daily bases is only the least of these victims’ worries. Finding a way to escape and lead a different life is the biggest and hardest goal to acquire. How are these victims found if they aren’t ever missed of even looked for? A promise for a better life, a good job and a new start is how many people end up in these types of situations. Having such a personal intake of Sex Trafficking, Frundt’s article is an essential piece that I find necessary to write about in my research. Unlike Frundt who shares a very particular share in Sex Trafficking, Brenda Zurita speaks from a point where anyone can understand more broadly. When the demand for prostituted people exceeds the available supply, women, children and sometimes men are trafficked in to meet the demand (Zurita). Children and women are usually the two that are easier to manipulate by letting them know what they want to hear. Often they are showered with gifts and affection that leave them wanting more. Than to keep an even tighter leash threatening comes to play, captors threaten their lives and the lives of their families. Which often leave victims to scared to leave to keep their families safe. The US government opposes prostitution for the reason that it is dehumanizing and harmful for people. Sex trafficking is what should be the center of focus. Trying to stop something that is known today, as â€Å"Modern Day Slavery† cannot just be stopped all together. In this case, and at the time former president George W. Bush stated that work in this field is not legitimate and should be not tolerated for humans of any sort. By legalizing we are creating a safer environment for those who chose this way of life. Traffickers often beat, humiliate, and torture their victims and can ultimately lead to murder. Pimps and traffickers, in order to make a profit, cater to their customer’s desires and supply prostituted people to fulfill their fantasies (Zurita). The legalization of Prostitution reduced the need for Sex Traffickers. Bruce Kennedy is all for the legalization of prostitution, in my opinion it provides an economical relief. From the time that I can remember the US has been struggling with money. By legalizing this it brings in an outstanding 18 billion in taxable income from the sex industry. Although crime rates seem to stay the same, legalizing creates a better environment for those women who choose this life style. It brings better working conditions and makes it safer by not having pimps abuse their â€Å"hoes. † The challenge that seems to be faced is all the crime that would still happen. Technically pimps watch over their girls and make sure the guys they leave with are safe and will return the girls back accordingly. Without this it is expected that more kidnappings and murders are to be committed. A nights earning is expected to be around 500$ a night which attracts the criminal industry. The message and the information that I acquired from (Frundt), (Zurita, 2013) and (Kennedy, 2012) are essential to creating a strong research paper. They are all statistically inclined and include different examples of different situations that will help me outline my paper. Since Frundt’s article is the strongest of the three I plan on strategically planning out her experiences in a way that will coherently compare it to the others. Being a woman, myself I feel like I have a stronger connection with my topic because I could be categorized as well as other girls my age in the range how the Pimps choose their girls. I could not imagine myself in the position that hundreds of girls find themselves everyday. Spreading awareness on the topic is the way people are going to be more involved with the stop of Sex Trafficking. How is something going to be stopped if its only been advertised as a good thing, when in true reality it is the complete opposite. References Frundt, T. (n. d. ). Enslaved in America: Sex trafficking in the United States. WFN, Retrieved from womensfundingnetwork. org/resource/past-articles/enslaved-in-america-sex-trafficking-in-the-united-states Kennedy, B. (2010). Would legalizing prostitution help the us economy?. Retrieved from http://money. msn. com/now/post. aspx? post=49c1f746-9b02-4ba4-a60f-67d3ccc1a6b5 Zurita, B. (2012). Legalization or harm reduction of prostitution and sexual trafficking. Retrieved from cwfa. org/articledisplay. asp? id=12632department=BLIcategoryid=dotcommentary

Free Essays on Future of Staff Groups

Today’s organizations are reliant on technology, information and expertise for success. Staff groups accountable for these functions must concentrate on personal accountability for their place at the corporate table. Traditionally, staff groups have lived with the constant threat that their function is an overhead-identified cost and that their function would sure to be the first eliminated in any kind of crunch. A book entitled, â€Å"The Future of Staff Groups† by Joel P. Henning is a great business tool to be used to empower staff groups. This book instructs staff groups (groups within organizations that perform internal functions such as human resources, finance, legal, quality, information systems, and others) how to shed old models and responsibilities. This book speaks directly to the concerns of the staff groups and their clients, their managers, and the groups themselves. Henning breaks his book up into two parts. The first part focuses on â€Å"Intention and Theory†. The chapters in the first section discuss topics such as: The Jarring Reality, A Business at Risk, Making an Offer, A Promise and a Guarantee, Taking a Stance, and Optimism, Hope, and Goodwill. The second part of the book focuses on â€Å"Application-Translating Intention into Conversations†. The chapters in the second part of the book focus on Introducing Relevance, Timeliness, and Fit, Discovering the Possibilities, Further Opportunities for Discovery, Deliberating Relevance, Timeliness, and Fit, The Core Technologies of Service and The Path of Commitment There is no doubt that today's business climate is fierce. Competition is brutal and change is swift and unstoppable. Competitive advantage in any of today's markets presumes competence. To go beyond competence to dominate a market, a company needs to know more, create more, learn faster, and communicate better than the competition. This is the work that corporate staff groups were born for not 'jus... Free Essays on Future of Staff Groups Free Essays on Future of Staff Groups Today’s organizations are reliant on technology, information and expertise for success. Staff groups accountable for these functions must concentrate on personal accountability for their place at the corporate table. Traditionally, staff groups have lived with the constant threat that their function is an overhead-identified cost and that their function would sure to be the first eliminated in any kind of crunch. A book entitled, â€Å"The Future of Staff Groups† by Joel P. Henning is a great business tool to be used to empower staff groups. This book instructs staff groups (groups within organizations that perform internal functions such as human resources, finance, legal, quality, information systems, and others) how to shed old models and responsibilities. This book speaks directly to the concerns of the staff groups and their clients, their managers, and the groups themselves. Henning breaks his book up into two parts. The first part focuses on â€Å"Intention and Theory†. The chapters in the first section discuss topics such as: The Jarring Reality, A Business at Risk, Making an Offer, A Promise and a Guarantee, Taking a Stance, and Optimism, Hope, and Goodwill. The second part of the book focuses on â€Å"Application-Translating Intention into Conversations†. The chapters in the second part of the book focus on Introducing Relevance, Timeliness, and Fit, Discovering the Possibilities, Further Opportunities for Discovery, Deliberating Relevance, Timeliness, and Fit, The Core Technologies of Service and The Path of Commitment There is no doubt that today's business climate is fierce. Competition is brutal and change is swift and unstoppable. Competitive advantage in any of today's markets presumes competence. To go beyond competence to dominate a market, a company needs to know more, create more, learn faster, and communicate better than the competition. This is the work that corporate staff groups were born for not 'jus...

ALelia Walker - Joy Goddess of the Harlem Renaissance

ALelia Walker - Joy Goddess of the Harlem Renaissance ALelia Walker Quick Facts Known for: patron of Harlem Renaissance artists; daughter of Madam C. J. WalkerOccupation: business executive, art patronDates: June 6, 1885 - August 16, 1931Also known as: Lelia Walker, Lelia Robinson, Lelia McWilliams Biography ALelia Walker (born Lelia McWilliams in Mississippi) moved with her mother, Madam C. J. Walker, to Saint Louis when ALelia was two years old. ALelia was well-educated though her mother was illiterate; her mother saw to it that ALelia attended college, at Knoxville College in Tennessee. As her mothers beauty and hair care business grew, ALelia worked with her mother in the business. ALelia took charge of the mail order part of the business, working out of Pittsburgh. Business Executive In 1908, mother and daughter set up a beauty school in Pittsburgh to train women in the Walker method of hair processing. The operation was called Lelia College. Madam Walker moved the business headquarters to Indianapolis in 1900. ALelia Walker set up a second Lelia College in 1913, this one in New York. After Madam Walkers death, ALelia Walker ran the business, becoming president in 1919. She renamed herself about the time of her mothers death. She built the large Walker Building in Indianapolis in 1928. Harlem Renaissance During the Harlem Renaissance, ALelia Walker hosted many parties that brought together artists, writers, and intellectuals. She held the parties in her New York townhouse apartment, called the Dark Tower, and at her country villa, Lewaro, originally owned by her mother. Langston Hughes dubbed ALelia Walker the joy goddess of the Harlem Renaissance for her parties and patronage. The parties ended with the beginning of the Great Depression, and ALelia Walker sold the Dark Tower in 1930. More about ALelia Walker The six-foot-tall ALelia Walker was married three times and had an adopted daughter, Mae. Death ALelia Walker died in 1931. The eulogy at her funeral was delivered by the Rev. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. Mary McLeod Bethune also spoke at the funeral. Langston Hughes wrote a poem for the occasion, To ALelia. Background, Family Mother: Sarah Breedlove Walker - Madam C. J. WalkerFather: Moses McWilliams Marriage, Children husband: John Robinson (divorced 1914)husband: Wiley Wilson (married 3 days after her mother died; divorced 1919)husband: James Arthur Kennedy (married early 1920s, divorced 1931)daughter: Mae, adopted 1912

The Nature of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Nature of Crime - Essay Example Therefore according to this theory low self control will increase the possibility of a person committing a crime, self control is achieved during early age when a child is socializing, poor parenting will lead to low self control to a child in future while strict and proper parenting will lead to high self control to a child. This theory applies to age, race and gender, a research done to determine the age crime relationship showed that the age variable for certain crimes supported the theory in that the age was a direct result of low self control depending on level of socialization. There also exist differences among races and ethnic groups because of the difference in supervision among this groups, but the races and ethnic groups do not directly determine crime instead it is the amount of socialization by parents that determine the occurrence of crime. According to the two classical scholars low self control is as a result of poor parenting which determines the quality of socialization, parents therefore should undertake the responsibility of punishing their children incase of any misconduct in order to avoid the development of low self control which intern will lead to a h... s low self control is as a result of poor parenting which determines the quality of socialization, parents therefore should undertake the responsibility of punishing their children incase of any misconduct in order to avoid the development of low self control which intern will lead to a high possibility of the occurrence of crime. Various scholars have tested this theory and there exist various criticisms, some scholars argue that the theory relates behaviors such as drinking and smoking as criminals behaviors but to be realistic smoking and drinking individuals do not necessarily mean that they are criminals. Another critic is that the theory assumes that crime is committed for the purpose of pursuing self interest, but this may not be true for all types of crimes because some other crimes such as murder may be committed for other reasons other than self interest. The theory is also criticized for favoring traditional roles of the family, the two classical theorists favor the traditional society and argue that a child should have both parents, this is unrealistic. Other studies have opposed the theory and suggested that adult social bonds such a person who has a stable job and a happy marriage may not involve himself in crime despite a poor socializing and parenting. However the theory is a clear breakthrough in criminology and has helped understand the causes of crime, although the theory faces some critics it is the only theory that well explains he concept of crime and also possible ways of minimizing crime through proper parenting. Question 2 Discuss the role of formal "sanction threats" in offender decision making. In doing so, your essay should address: Formal social controls play a major role in the prevention of crime; control is expressed

Green Building and Sustainable construction Essay

Green Building and Sustainable construction - Essay Example Some of the methods used to address the environmental sustainability of a structure involve recycle and reuse of materials, ensuring the building uses renewable energy source or employs energy and water saving methods. Besides the accessibility of the building, can make be used to gauge whether the building is environmental friendly? Buildings, which are far away from transport network, can be considered less environmental friendly. Sustainable construction involves use of environmental friendly materials for construction. Use of wood from trees, which have been certified by the United States Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is one way of promoting sustainable construction. FSC ensures the trees which are used for construction purpose are replaced and the existing biodiversity is not affected by cutting down of a particular tree. Sustainable construction also involves the use of renewable materials which can be recycled or reused. While promoting sustainable construction additional materials, which may not be renewable in nature, are used. The purpose of using such materials is to improve the overall performance of the building. A good example is use of plastic to insulate buildings; here plastic is used because of its availability and energy saving nature. Use of locally available materials is an economical way of saving on cost and reducing pollution of the environment. Transporting materials from another place would require use of means e.g. trains; heavy trucks which would definitely pollute the environment. When a building use available energy effectively, it is economically and environmentally sustainable. Measures to ensure such state is achieved included use of insulate which prevents loss of heat, use of glass windows on most part of the building to promote natural light penetration thus save on lighting and heating. Ensuring the lighting and appliances within the building are

Reading Guide #2, for Augustines Confessions, Bks 7.5 8 Essay

Reading Guide #2, for Augustines Confessions, Bks 7.5 8 - Essay Example A human has to understand what is bad to see what is good. It is impossible to judge without knowing and experiencing. Therefore, God lets people face evil to make them understand what good really is and how valuable it is. People appreciate good after being exposed to evil. Otherwise, they would simply fail to know what good means and why good is essential for them. It is a trivial metaphor but it is very precise: there is no light without shadow and there can be no good without evil. Hence, I do not agree with Augustine that evil does not exist as evil is a part of the multifaceted world. Augustine is strongly opposing sex as he sees it as â€Å"the vileness and the shame† (Augustine Bk 8, Ch. 11, par. 26). The thinker sees attraction to sex as certain kind of return to the life without God, i.e. life without knowledge and enlightenment. He sees people as creatures who focus on their desires that have nothing to do with their souls or a better world. This viewpoint is similar to Cyprian’s views on sex. Both saints stress that people have to be virtuous especially those who devote their lives to God. I agree that the priest and those who devote themselves to God have to keep to celibate. However, people living in the secular world do not need to keep to such strict rules. Otherwise, the humanity will simply cease to exist. At the same time, there should be certain purity and men as well as women have to understand that sex is only a part of their lives given by God. It is not a human’s primary concern. People have to focus on self-development thou gh sex should not become something banned or stigmatic. Clearly, every individual desires to have a good family, a decent job, and loyal friends. It is not a shameful desire. However, this is not the finite goal as this is only certain premise for further development. A man can have favorable conditions to live in and strive for self-development. Self-development and impact on the world are two

Quantitative methodology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Quantitative methodology - Assignment Example Quantitative research methods try to measure variables by assigning scores to them in order to ensure that they can be scaled easily. The root of quantitative research lies in the positivist research paradigm that believes everything happens due to causal relationship between variables by virtue of some fixed law. It is useful to use quantitative research particularly when researchers are trying to test hypothesis. It is quite useful to use quantitative research under certain circumstances. For instance, according to Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias (1992 cited in Johnson, 2001) quantitative research is particularly important when the research problem is very specific and the researcher wants to measure the outcome numerically. The quantitative research is important because it helps the researcher to set the dependent and the independent variables of the research and is able to show the exact nature and direction of relationship between the variables. In short it allows the researcher to explain the causal relationship between the variables. Balsley (1970) had pointed out that quantitative research is particularly useful as the researcher is able to establish internal and external validity of the data due to controlled observations, experiments and proper data cleaning techniques. Additionally, quantitative research is also able to eliminate subjectivity and bias from the research by eliminating human bias factor. There are two main methods of quantitative research designs namely experiential and non-experiential research. Experiential quantitative research focuses on natural science based approach and non-experiential quantitative research focus primarily on social sciences (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie & Turner, 2007). There are basically four main types of quantitative research namely descriptive, correlational, casual-comparative and true experimental. Descriptive quantitative research

Gestational Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gestational Diabetes - Essay Example The condition often leads to the development of glucose intolerance among women with GDM, and at least 50% of those developing the intolerance become diabetic in a period of 5-10 years (Perry et al., 2011). GDM risk factors include obesity, maternal age (higher risk at >30), family history of diabetes and a medical history of birth anomalies, miscarriage or still births. Other risk factors include glucosuria, hypertension and monilial vaginitis (Perry et al., 2011). The mechanism underlying the condition is a result of multiple factors including changes in nutrient demands by the fetus. These changes that begin in the late second trimester induce maternal sustenance of high blood glucose. Pregnancy placental hormones are responsible for the antagonism of insulin and cortisol, which results in the insulin resistance and less entry of glucose into cells. Normal body functioning elicits higher insulin production to compensate the resistance, and when this fails GDM occurs (Perry et al., 2011). GDM often leads to further health complications including hypertension, episiotomy and perineal lacerations. The high levels of insulin stimulate faster growth, which often leads to macrosomia that necessitates caesarian births (Perry et al., 2011). The induced high insulin production among the babies born after GDM often leads to hypoglycemia. Ideally, all women should be screened for GDM, and this can be done either through laboratory tests, clinical risk factors or medical and family history. It is essential for women with a family history of diabetes as well as obese and overweight women to undergo laboratory test. The same is recommendable for women aged above 25 and with a history of obstetric conditions associated with GDM. The laboratory tests include fasting glucose test, random glucose test and two-hour postprandial test (Perry et al., 2011). Antepartum Interventions: GDM treatment interventions begin immediately through insulin

Quantitative methodology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Quantitative methodology - Assignment Example Quantitative research methods try to measure variables by assigning scores to them in order to ensure that they can be scaled easily. The root of quantitative research lies in the positivist research paradigm that believes everything happens due to causal relationship between variables by virtue of some fixed law. It is useful to use quantitative research particularly when researchers are trying to test hypothesis. It is quite useful to use quantitative research under certain circumstances. For instance, according to Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias (1992 cited in Johnson, 2001) quantitative research is particularly important when the research problem is very specific and the researcher wants to measure the outcome numerically. The quantitative research is important because it helps the researcher to set the dependent and the independent variables of the research and is able to show the exact nature and direction of relationship between the variables. In short it allows the researcher to explain the causal relationship between the variables. Balsley (1970) had pointed out that quantitative research is particularly useful as the researcher is able to establish internal and external validity of the data due to controlled observations, experiments and proper data cleaning techniques. Additionally, quantitative research is also able to eliminate subjectivity and bias from the research by eliminating human bias factor. There are two main methods of quantitative research designs namely experiential and non-experiential research. Experiential quantitative research focuses on natural science based approach and non-experiential quantitative research focus primarily on social sciences (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie & Turner, 2007). There are basically four main types of quantitative research namely descriptive, correlational, casual-comparative and true experimental. Descriptive quantitative research

Refer to attachments ( Feature writing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Refer to attachments ( Feature writing) - Essay Example The chain in the US has about 270 branches (sizzler.com). At present there are two braches in Singapore, one at Suntec and the other at Toa Payoh. Sizzler is famous for its mouth watering and sizzling steaks, crunchy seafood and creamy salads and desserts. The opening hours from 1100 to 2200 hours are quiet reasonable so we decided to be there by 0100 hours. When we entered the place I was impressed by the clean, colorful and calm look of the place. It wasn’t much of a romantic place yet I couldn’t help grading it any less. The walls were decorated by a number of attractive paintings together with colorful pictures with prices of food on it; this made it easier for us to order the right kind of food. A genial manger with a smile on his face greeted us and explained how the menu works. I liked the tranquility of the place. The dining hall was very well lit too. The sofa-type chairs fixed near the windows were colorful and seemed comfortable. The view from the windows was exquisite. The menu, with all the details and pictures of the food, on it was quite detailed helpful. There were several steak items, seafood choices, chicken varieties, and burgers listed in the menu. The exclusive Suntec-salad-bar-promotion was enticing because it offered a saving of $3. The multihued menu appeared like a rainbow. The variety of steaks was quite tempting too. The steak variety included: Sizzler steak complimented with Shitake mushroom sauce, Ribeye scallop sauce with premium scallop sauce, Teriyaki Mushroom Cheese Steak basted with Teriyaki glaze topped with mushrooms, Swiss cheese and crispy onion stack, fillet mignon, and trio pepper steak with trio pepper sauce. We, however, ordered Teriyaki mushroom cheese steak. The amazing thing about Sizzler was its separate kids’ menu with a variety of choices including Beery Patty, Chix Little, Chix Nuggets, and Fis Fis Fillet. The two kids decided to go for Fis Fis Fillet (sizzler.com.sg). The

The Passage of High School Life Essay Example for Free

The Passage of High School Life Essay Ron Suskind’s A Hope in the Unseen is a moving novel that illustrates the passage of a young man high school through his first year as a freshman at Brown University. What makes the storyline most interesting is that the protagonist, Cedric Lavar Jennings, hails from a particularly unique background. His father is a drug addict who spends half his time in prison and the other half of his time on parole working any job he can find. As a result, Gilliam plays little to no role as a parental figure save the few times Cedric interacts with him in prison. Cedric’s mother Barbra, on the contrary, is an incredible human being. Words fail to express exactly how much Barbra has sacrificed for her son Cedric. â€Å"She’s been killing herself, her lifeblood channeled thorough scriptural pieties and long-shot hopes for Cedric’s future, leaving new own urges untended and volatile† (42). In this sense, Cedric is virtually brought up entirely by his mother and her values quickly ingrain themselves in Cedric. The first part of the novel chronicles Cedric’s final years at Frank W. Ballou Senior High; a high school in southeast Washington DC frequented by inner-city children whose last concern is academics. The portrait given of the school is pretty bleak, with multiple daily reports of violence. Crab/bucket syndrome: â€Å"when one crab tries to climb from the bucket, the others pull it down† (17). Amidst this background at Ballou, Cedric not only manages to maintain his high academic standards but also succeeds in passing under the radar of violence. Cedric holds true to his ambitions of attending an Ivy-League university and is rewarded for his hard work the summer of his junior year by virtue of a letter of acceptance to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s MITES program. MITES is a program established for minority students who display significant promise. Successful completion of such a program is paramount for Cedric because a healthy percentage of students who participate in the MITES program and who demonstrate potential are subsequently asked back to MIT for four full years of college. The MIT program proves to be quite the experience for Cedric, who quickly finds himself far behind other minority students for the first time in his life. He is suddenly immersed in a world of competitive minorities, a world he has never seen before, and the entire process is rather overwhelming culture shock. â€Å"up in Cambridge, meeting black kids who were so much different than him left him confused about what being black means† (100) ANOMIE. Needless to say, in his meeting with Professor Leon Trilling at the end of the program, Cedric is told that his performance during the summer does not qualify him for a spot into the fall class at MIT. Although difficult for Cedric to stomach, the news is nothing unexpected. Cedric spend the entire summer in a constant struggle to compete with others in the program. Undaunted, Cedric continues his crusade at Ballou, keeping his head down and focused at the finish line for his senior year. Cedric, now past the prospect of enrollment in MIT, decides to apply to Brown University as a last resort. Cedric, unable to cope with the idea of going to a mediocre college after his years of sacrifice and hard work, feels that Brown is his final out. Cedric’s prayers are answered and he receives a letter of acceptance to Brown University. The remainder of the novel describes Cedric’s experience at Brown, which in many ways parallels what he had at MIT. Cedric once again finds it difficult to compete in any class besides Calculus and realizes that most of his peers can even afford to party on the weekends and sustain their superior academic performance. Even the African American students at Brown seem much more intelligent than he is, with almost everyone hailing from a fully-functional family with money. The storyline Suskind paints of Brown is vivid in its depiction of freshman year interactions (all awkwardness included). Amidst the backdrop of freshman year, Cedric finds it difficult to partake in the festivities of normal college freshman (drinking) and as a result keeps mostly to himself. Cedric opts to take each of his first semester classes as pass/fail to hedge against his uncertainty of academic performance. Pass/Fail â€Å"to encourage students to take intellectual risks, to try some classes in unfamiliar disciplines they might otherwise avoid for fear of a bad grade† (173). Cedric walks away from his fall semester passing all of his classes and even whishing he had taken some for a letter grade. In a valiant effort, Cedric decides to take five spring classes, one more than the recommended four, each for a letter grade. Although Cedric ultimately drops one class and elects to take two of the remaining four as pass/fail, he walks away from the semester with two passes, an A and a B. The general theme seen throughout the novel is upwards social mobility and the sacrifices necessary to achieve such movement. To illustrate, consider how Barbra sacrificed most of her life to perform a very active role in Cedric’s upbringing. In many ways, Cedric’s success is primarily attributed to the efforts undertaken by his mother. In some ways, it appears that the results of upwards social mobility are primarily realized a generation later. This is to say that the fruits of hard work performed by one generation are not fully enjoyed until a second generation afterwards. In many ways, Barbra does not receive much feedback for her toiling until Cedric experiences the set doors that are now open to him after his Brown education. Cedric’s entire journey is in many ways a means towards an end. The end is upwards social mobility. Although the overarching theme is upwards social mobility, there are plenty of additional core themes that are readily apparent. These are deviance, education, and religion. In many ways it can be said that Cedric is a deviant at Ballou. Cedric, with his academic drive, is undoubtedly viewed as an an outcast amidst the backdrop students with little no incentive to study. At Ballou, it is almost as if his peers are expected to walk into a word of drug-dealing and violence. There is simply zero incentive to study. This is unfortunate because there are many students, like Philip Atkins, who possess significant potential yet choose not to stand out like Cedric and to instead conform to the common stereotypes of black males. â€Å"Distinctiveness can be dangerous, so it’s best to develop an aptitude for not being noticed† (2-3). Cedric’s academic standards are different than those of any other black man and only mirrored in isolated instances by a few select girls. Because Cedric stands far from the typical African American stereotype, he has few friends in school. At assemblies held to honor the select few students who got all A’s, the entire student body shuns Cedric for his academic performance and label him, ironically, as an uppity individual who displays similar pride as a Caucasian. (negative sanction/stigma) This is highly degrading and Cedric skips the ceremony altogether, afraid to accept the financial cash award for straight-A’s in front of the rest of the school. It is logical to imply that within the confines of Ballou High, deviance is a dangerous trait to harbor. In some ways, it can even get you killed. Cedric is a deviant from the structures that society almost demands he follow. Even at Brown, where everyone is just as smart as Cedric, if not more so, Cedric is a deviant. In order to keep up with everyone, Cedric cannot afford to waste time going out over the weekends and socializing as normal college students would. Cedric once again finds himself a deviant at an academic institution. Here, where the stereotypes are not hustling and being a thug, a male in Cedric’s position is almost expected to party on the weekends, smoke weed and drink alcohol. These avenues are not at all appealing to Cedric, whose father is in jail because of drug addictions and whose mother is an active member of the church. Cedric successfully steers clear of these temptations and is thus a deviant amidst an entire population of college students indulging themselves. Overall, the theme of deviance in this novel is shown to transfer to the deviant character plenty of wear and tear. This is to say that it takes a lot to be a deviant. Being a deviant entails going against the grain which can be a particularly difficult process to continue living with. The second core theme is education as a primary means to social mobility. In the novel, education is an important precursor to social mobility as it is said to open many doors in the future. The idea of an education is important in that it serves as a distinguishing factor. It stratifies individuals and labels them. Gatekeeping is â€Å"determining which people will enter what occupations is another function of education† (504). â€Å"No one’s going to hire a drug dealer and armed robber who has spend nearly half his life locked up† (56). A conflict theorist would say that education is an institution that is unable to be perfectly fair to all (LATENT FUNCTION). All public schools, like the one Cedric attends in DC, are funded according to their standardized testing scores. Since minorities tend to cluster together in inner cities, most of the students who attend public schools in bad neighborhoods are very poor and not generally driven to succeed. Intern, due to their low drive and academic abilities, these schools are unable to secure proper and necessary federal funding to improve their offerings. The poor schools thus become poorer and more substandard while other schools, mostly those with students who come from more wealthy families, are granted more funding, only further exacerbating the problem. â€Å"Once they arrive, affirmative action kids are generally left so sink or swim academically†¦Not surprisingly, dropout rates among minorities, particularly those of lower income, tend to be higher than the rest† (191). Education is presented as a process throughout the book. It may not be primarily about memorizing calculus theorems, but rather the entire sequence of socialization that college entails that properly constitutes an â€Å"education. † In this sense, an education is more about dealing with problems and setbacks in the most efficient manner. â€Å"Education is a group’s formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills† (498). Also use the term hidden curriculum, or â€Å"the attitudes and the unwritten rules of behavior that schools teach in addition to the formal curriculum† (507). Credential societys use things like diplomas as a sort of filter to determine who is eligible for one job and who isn’t. These skills can be applied to life, as Cedric later discovers. Almost everything in education implies overcoming obstacles and the same can be said for social mobility. The ascent up the social ladder is laden with challenges and meeting people who are formidable competitors. Yet the skills a proper education teaches of how to overcome such difficulties are invaluable in the process of social mobility. In some sense, education teaches how to best deal with competition and successful management of competition is a precursor for social mobility. In this manner, the two go hand-in-hand. The third core theme is religion and its functionalist impact on human life. The building blocks of capitalism are not economical but religious: Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic â€Å"financial success was the blessing that indicated that God was on their side† (13). Throughout the novel, the implied connection is that religion creates intense group ties that help individuals wade through the minefield of life PRIMARY GROUP. As part of her upbringing, Barbra introduces Cedric to Scripture Church and Pastor Long at an early age. The church community quickly becomes a major portion of Cedric’s life. From his early years, Cedric makes the church a major part of his life. In some ways, the ritual of going to church and the community present at the church are a strong point upon which Cedric draws the courage to keep going while being such a deviant at Ballou. The church helps Cedric build up his defenses for the weathering process that being a deviant entails. For Cedric, the church community is just what he needs. Religion teaches Cedric the lifelong skill of listening to others and respecting those above him. â€Å"Scripture Cathedral offered Cedric and Barbara neat designations of good and evil and strict rules forbidding even common activities, like watching movies or dressing provocatively† (36). It is important to note that religion is important to lay the foundation upon which most of Cedric’s traits later built upon yet Cedric’s tie to religion slowly changes as he travels through his freshman year at Brown. Here, he is able to incorporate what he learned from Church with daily functioning. Now far from the church, Cedric does not seek another church and distances himself from the word of God. Even so, when he returns to DC, Cedric still attends church but not with the same intensity. About the student body at Brown: â€Å"very few of them arrived by simply putting their trust in God and praying everything would work out. Took a lot more than that† (274). However, even without religion playing such an active role in his life, Cedric still continues on a reputable path towards upwards social mobility. It is interesting that when the circumstances were right, religion was Cedric’s savior yet it appears that once he regained his footing and his confidence, he slowly drifts from religion but does so without hurting his overall goals. Religion, therefore, is functional in establishing a good foundation for future success, yet it appears to be yet another aspect of successful life whose relative importance or emphasis is prone to change over time. The novel demonstrates that an integral component of Cedric’s success were the values he was taught by the church. â€Å"She knows that Bishop’s message is no longer sinking in as deeply as it once did. But it’s already in Cedric – the Holy Spirit, the Word – and it will guide him wherever he goes† (111). In this sense, it can be said that the church was an integral aspect for Cedric’s success and his ultimate social mobility. The church taught Cedric to be humble, decent, and aware of whom he is in relation to others. Many of these values translate to his successful competition with the other Brown undergraduates. â€Å"All he has to do, ultimately, is join this crowd academically† (335). Emile Durkheim and Social Integration: â€Å"the degree to which people are tied to their social group† (12). Achieved status. Overall, I really enjoyed the novel. I felt it was a very thorough and accurate portrayal of Cedric (the real man) and explored his inner thoughts and feelings in a complicated and very moving manner. I felt almost as if the descriptions were those of Cedric alone and not simply the reproduced words of the author. I read the afterword written by the author about his process of writing the novel and of ensuring all the descriptions of Cedric’s feelings were accurate according to Cedric himself. It is therefore no surprise to me that these descriptions seem so authentic. Looking-glass self, as explained by W. E. B. DuBois†¦the black man does not have a true conscience but rather a double-consciousness – â€Å"a sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity† (327). Charles Horton Cooley The Looking Glass Self â€Å"We imagine how we appear to those around us†¦we interpret other’s reactions†¦we develop a self-concept† (68-69). It is difficult to say whether or not I agree or disagree with the author because in very few places are the author’s feelings ever evidenced. The novel is more or less a portrayal of things as Cedric saw them, with no insight into the author’s true point of view. If anything, it can be said that the author holds Cedric in high esteem and values the sacrifices and hard work Cedric put into his academic career. For this much I certainly agree. I feel Cedric’s journey is undoubtedly praiseworthy and certainly one in a million. There are many people who doubt programs like affirmative action even work. â€Å"a program filled with self-assured middle- or upper-middle-class black and Hispanic kids – leaders of tomorrow, all – many of whom are here for little more than resume padding† (91). Here, it is possible to see how affirmative act falls short in its original intentions. However, this novel is a true demonstration that they DO in fact work for some people who make the most out of the unique opportunity it presents them. Sure, these students will face a much more steep learning curve than others will, but I maintain that having to deal with a steep learning curve is much better than not having a learning curve in the first place.

Nestle Milky Bar Product Line Extentsion Marketing Essay

Nestle Milky Bar Product Line Extentsion Marketing Essay Milkybar white chocolate is an established childrens brand with a rich heritage. Over the past 2 years the volumes on this product have been declining due to negative associations of confectionery brands with childhood obesity. Moreover legislation prevents promoting this product to the key target market. A need for innovation turnaround within the brand portfolio is imperative to ensure survival sustainability on the brand over long term. Consumers preferences during economic downturns are generally do not promote trial of new products as a result of limited discretionary income. The underlying concept is that consumers would rather spend their hard earned cash on products that they are certain of, than products that could potentially be a disappointment. This trend is also amongst low income earners consumers (ACORN Category 5, Group N;O;P;Q;U) (Appendix 1) Manufacturers are also reluctant to make far bigger investments into a new brand prefer to extend established brand names in different product offerings. A product that utilises an existing brand name requires lesser investment than if a entirely new brand name launched. The risk is also lessened through product extension. So while an organisation requires to remain exciting relevant to consumers to ensure its survival the preference is to do this through renovation on existing lines as opposed to complete innovation. Current Market Chocolate Confectionery Nestles standpoint on food nutrition is simple you are what you eat. There is more awareness now is that good food means good health and good life and people are starting to make more food choices based on health. With over 140 years of food and nutrition research, Nestlà © is committed to offering healthier lifestyle choices including Good Food youll enjoy for a Good Life! Due to the nutritional challenges that consumers are faced, what they eat; how much they eat; and the way they live their lives, eating a healthier diet may be daunting. However sometimes a few small changes can make a big difference to your overall health. Nestle commitment is to ensure that consumers dont have to compromise on taste and enjoyment in order to be healthy. Nestle promotes the concept of healthier eating: to eat a healthy balanced diet and the right amount for the level of activity that you do each day in order to avoid unwanted weight gain. By following these guidelines consumers can ensure healthier, good food choices you are more likely to: Feel and look great Meet daily nutritional needs for nutrients, including essential vitamins, minerals and antioxidants Provide a boost to your immunity helping to fight off coughs, colds and other everyday bugs Be better able to control your weight Lower your risk of developing serious illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes or cancers However healthy eating is an aspect of the lifestyle, keeping active as part of your daily life, is also an important part of keeping well and taking care of yourself. Nestle helps to provide good food choices by Providing consumers with useful information on the nutrition content of products both on the website and on the food and drinks packaging Providing consumers with information about healthy eating and tips on how to make healthier choices However while key to Nestles objectives of healthier eating the fundamental vision of good food good life in a nutritionally responsible manner the taste profile of products should not be lost. Consumers Milkybars key consumer has been children aged 5-13. This young consumer segement usually is not the shopper generally the shopper is either parents, family members or caregivers . This in itself provides a key challenge to the marketer, while the product must appeal to the target segment it must also do the same for the shopper. Therefore there are contradictory motives desire of the product from both the shopper the consumer. While the child may simply want a yummy treat, the shopper is concerned about topical issues of high sugar intake, bad nutrition obesity. It becomes very difficult then to appeal to both these very key stakeholders without risking alienating one or the other. The key challenge then is satisfying both these key stakeholders in the purchase decision making process. The actual consumer the child requires a treat with little consequence or thought to nutrition the caregiver requires a product that will offer some nutritional value. A product that could satisfy both these needs will ensure the survival of the brand. To further complicate matters recent development restrictions into advertising childrens brands increases the challenge of marketing a child-focused chocolate brand. Ofcoms restrictions on TV advertising of HFSS (High Fat, Salt, Sugar) prevents Nestle from utilising TV as a medium for Milkybar adverts during key childrens programming slots. Moreover the healthier eating debate has prompted key stakeholders of childrens health like parents, key givers schools to reduce chocolate offer alternatives such as cereal bars, fresh and dried fruit, nuts and seeds thus also limiting the availabilty distribution of Milkybar. The below is a ruling from OFCOM which is the advertising governing body for the UK. Legislation The Government would like to restrict the promotion of food and drink high in fat, salt or sugar (HFSS foods) to children in all its forms , including on broadcast and non-broadcast media) and to encourage the promotion of healthier alternatives. This is against a background of social and governmental concern about rising childhood obesity and ill-health due to dietary imbalance, specifically the over-consumption of HFSS foods and the under-consumption of fresh foods, fruit and vegetables. Both the Department of Health (DH) and the Food Standards Agency (FSA) have identified television advertising as an area where action should be considered to restrict the advertising of HFSS products to children. The brand has previously used the platform of advertising through the concept of a humorous, Wild West-inspired heroes and villains theme. Its most recent TV advert, a sedate looking Milkybar Kid on horseback wandering through a wood, with no dialogue just animal noises, which highlights the whole natural concept. The concept therefore of extending this product into associated categories is imperative. With this in mind exploration into a Milkybar ice cream lollies was initiated. This will extend this product to a different consumption occasion add volumes revenue to the base brand. The product will be positioned as calcium enriched to add value for its consumers. Calcium is a likely association for the already milk rich chocolate bar. The concept behind the added value is the shopper gatekeeper for kids will seek healthier snacking options. And a product that will assist in a key concern for gatekeepers nutrition will provide a creative solution. Milkybar ice cream lollies will be positioned as a snacking/dessert option for children. The creaminess of Milkybar chocolate will appeal to children on the taste platform. The calcium enriched position will add extra value of providing nutritional benefits while being a snack. This will increase its appeal as a healthier snacking option for parents gatekeepers. The portions nutritional guidelines will be in line with Nestles principles of responsible healthier eating. With this in mind the concept for project Cold Cow (Milkybar ice cream lollies) was formulated.

Computer Programming :: essays research papers fc

Computer Programming   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Programming a computer is almost as easy as using one and does not require you to be a math genius. People who are good at solving story problems make good programmers, and others say that artistic or musical talent is a sign of potential programmer. Various computer languages are described, and tips on choosing the right language and learning how to use it are provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Learning how to program is actually easier than many people think. Learning to program takes about the same time as two semesters of a college course. The process of learning to program is uniquely reinforcing, because students receive immediate feedback on their screens. The programming languages Basic, Pascal, C, and Database are discussed; tips on learning the languages are offered; and a list of publishers' addresses is provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One way of programming is rapid application  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   development (RAD) has tremendous powers, but it is not without its limits. The two basic advantages RAD tools promise over traditional programming are shorter, more flexible development cycle and the fact that applications can be developed by a reasonably sophisticated end user. The main disadvantage is that RAD tools often require code to be written, which will result in most developers probably having to learn to program using the underlying programming language, except in the case of the simplest applications. The time gained from using a RAD tool can be immense, however: Programmers using IBM's VisualAge report the ability to create up to 80 percent of an application visually, with the last 20 percent consisting of specialized functions, which means by using and IBM program it is much easier because most of the program is graphics which is just point and click to do, and the rest is code, which really isn't much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone who is willing to invest a little time and effort can now write computer programs and customize commercial applications, thanks to new software tools. People can create their own application with such programming languages as Microsoft's Visual Basic for Windows (which is about $130) or Novell's AppWare, part of its PerfectOffice suite. These products enable users to do much of their programming through point-and-click choices without memorizing many complicated commands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Programming can also be very difficult. At least one programming mistake is always made and debugging it can be very hard. Just finding where the problem is can take a long time alone, then if you fix that problem, another could occur. There was a programming involving a cancer-therapy machine, has led to loss of life, and the potential for disaster will increase as huge new software programs designed to control aircraft and the national air-traffic

The Secret Lives Sgt.. John Wilson

John Wilson was a one of a kind character. He had sort of a dual personality. One minute he was writing love letter and the next minute he was trying to get rid of her. He was a hard working person at times and often got into his job very deeply. He had lots of problems with his life and that was mostly the reason why he started drinking so heavily especially near the end. John first started a happy life married to Polly Wilson back home in Scotland.He had two lovely children with her but after an incident with his brother he got very ashamed and thought that he had to move away to run from this problem. John Wilson moved to Canada to try and make some money. He told Polly that he would be back in a year or two at the max as he soon found out life could be tough living on the prairies. He then tries to start a tomato farm but the harsh prairie weather was way different from what he had known back home at Scotland. His tomato farm got ruined by a storm and he was left with nothing.He then tries to enlist into the war but he could not be accepted because of his lung condition. He was so disappointed that he could travel back over seas that he decided to join the RNWMP because it was the closest thing at the time to the army. In August 1914 he was officially part of the Royal North West Mounted Police force. He got transferred into a small town called Blaine Lake and that is where he fell in love with a girl named Jessie Patterson. During the winter John was diagnosed with Tuberculosis.All winter Jessie helped John with his illness and not too soon after John started to fall in love with Jessie. Back at home Polly was crying everyday over John and had made up her mind that she was going to go to Canada to see John no matter what her family thought. On April 12th 1918 Polly Wilson arrived in Canada. On April 18th she arrived in Regina. She phoned the Prince Albert police detachment and just by coincident John was there. When John picked up the phone he†¦

Song: an Effective Technique and Material in Learning English

Song: An Effective Technique and Material in Learning English English has an important role in many aspects of life. This statement leads us to the reason of why this language should be taught in schools. In Indonesia, English is used as the first foreign language that should be learned by the students even from elementary school until university. In using the language, there are many elements that have to be mastered, covering reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Song refer to a piece of music that have words and can be used in language teaching.It is suggested to include songs in language learning as well. The possibility of using songs in English as a foreign language class has been actively considered for the last two decades. It is considered because songs have many values in language teaching. Orlova (2003), states that it is possible to suggest that among the methodological purposes that songs are used in class, it is possible to rank the following: 1. Practicing the rhy thm, stress and the intonation patterns of the English language. 2. Teaching vocabulary, especially in the vocabulary reinforcement stage 3.Teaching grammar. In this respect songs are especially favored by teachers while investigating the use of the tenses. 4. Teaching speaking. For this purpose, songs and mainly their lyrics are employed as a stimulus for class discussion 5. Teaching listening comprehension 6. Developing writing skills. For this purpose a song can be used in a variety of ways. From the songs, we can learn many things such as vocabulary, grammar, listening, speaking, writing, and of course reading. Benefit of Song Griffe (1992: 4) points out some advantages in using songs and music in the language classroom.There are some categories mentioned by Griffe, namely in classroom atmosphere, cultural input, text and student interest. They are as follows; 1. Songs create enjoyable classroom atmosphere Dealing with classroom atmosphere, songs and music can be used to make st udents relaxed and provide enjoyable classroom conditions. 2. They can introduce the culture of the songs. Either songs or music is reflection of the time and place that produce them. When the teacher brings songs into classroom, he will also bring the culture of the songs in the classroom. 3. Songs can be used as textsSongs also can be used as texts in the same way that a poem, short story or novel provided in the language classroom. From explanation above, songs have many benefits. Some of them are songs can motivate the students and make them more confident in their ability to listen the materials. The Criteria of Song Selection The important thing about choosing a song to do with a class is to make sure that the lyrics are clear. It can be very frustrating for the students not to understand a word. The recording should also be a good one. Lynch (2008), provides three principal song selection criteria, as follows: 1.Use songs that are popular with the students whenever possible. Unfortunately, students frequently select songs for classroom use which are objectionable in some way making the song unusable. 2. Songs must have clear and understandable lyrics. Nothing is worse than a song almost nobody can understand. If you have trouble understanding the lyrics by listening, then another song needs to be selected. 3. Songs should have an appropriate theme. There’s enough bad news, negativity and violence in the world already. Songs with any type of negative theme should be avoided. There are plenty of positive, upbeat, even humorous songs available.It is realized when teaching the students; we should choose the songs with suitable level of difficulty. The suitability of the song is a particularly important issue. It should be known whether or not the students like the song. The use of Singing Procedure There are various ways of using songs in the classroom. The level of the students, the interests and the age of the learners, the grammar point to be stud ied, and the song itself have determinant roles on the procedure. Apart from them, it mainly depends on the creativity of the teacher. Some examples of these techniques are: 1. Gap fills or close texts . Focus questions 3. True-false statements 4. Put the lines into the correct sequence 5. Dictation 6. Add a final verse 7. Circle the antonyms/synonyms of the given words 8. Discuss Many experienced textbook and methodology manual writers argue that songs have a great educational value. It can’t be denied that children, teenagers, and adults like music. While they are singing it, they are also doing other activities like learning, remembering new vocabulary, studying to pronounce words, etc. So, let’s try to learn English by using song and get the result! BIBLIOGRAPHY: Griffe, Dale T. 1992. Songs in Action.UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd. Lynch, Larry M. (2008). Using Popular Songs to Improve Language Listening Comprehension Skills. http://esl4free. blogspot. com/200 8/02/can-music-improve-your-students. htm†¦. Orlova, Natalia F. (March 2003). Helping Prospective EFL Teachers Learn How to Use Songs in Teaching Conversation Classes. The Internet TESL Journal. http://iteslj. org/Technoques/Orlova-Songs. html Ditulis oleh: Kristin Rahayu, S,Pd Guru Bahasa Inggris di SMK TKM Teknik Purworejo Jalan Ahmad Yani No 8 Purworejo 54111 No HP: 085725038093 email: rahayu. [email  protected] com

Examples of successful campaigns produced by big advertising agencies

When it comes to advertising, a small business is more likely to it in house due mainly to the fact that it is very expensive to get an advertising company to do it for you. Where as a small company does not the luxury of having a large advertising budget, they need to do it by the most effective means possible. Three examples of successful campaigns produced by big advertising agencies are: * The Marks & Spencer's â€Å"Magic & Sparkle† Christmas Adverts which were made by a firm called Rainey Kelly Campbell Roalfe. It was run up to and including Christmas Eve. These adverts put M&S back on the map for food and clothing, boosting their sales tremendously. The adverts include many famous celebrities including Twiggy and Shirley Bassey, all who reportedly got paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 and above. * Halifax pioneered an innovative approach to bank adverts in 2000, when it allowed its staff to star in adverts, singing popular songs with the words changed to reflect financial services products. Halifax worker, Howard Brown is the regular star of the adverts. Following the merger with the Bank of Scotland, this practice has continued, with the Bank of Scotland also allowing its staff to take part. These adverts were made by a company called Roberts & Robertson, and it became very successful for them. * Sainsbury's is another company that has done well out of a recent campaign to promote them selves. Sainsbury's did this with their â€Å"Try something new today† campaign. They showed how they are now offering all sorts of new products in store that many people would not have tried or liked, but are now widely available. Their campaign's were organised by a company called Redbus, who did market research and found out what customers want from their food shops. There are many different types of media that companies use to get their message across. These are Television, Radio, Posters and Magazines / Newspapers. Magazines: * More colour pagers to give the viewer a more detailed image * Better Reproduction and quality of the printing * Longer copy deadlines as some are monthly etc. * Few regional editions, different areas will be interested in different things * Diversity of subject matter, there is almost a magazine for any subject matter so you can target the exact audience * Reach specific groups of people either by age or what they are interested in. * Sunday colour supplement, this free magazine is often jam packed with different adverts and promotions * Weekly women's magazines will mean if you have a specific product such as something to do with babies etc you can put it right in their face. * TV Guides often have a lot of space at the back filled with more information about Television programs so products / services can be linked in with this. * Carry adverts for a broad range of products / services * Low cost per thousand, it becomes a lot cheaper when you are making many thousand copies * Business publications given free to company executives * Kept for a reasonable amount of time, as they do not perish and are harder wearing than a newspaper etc. * The amount of magazines that people often browse at when sitting in waiting rooms. * There is no sound or movement. * You have to book and produce a month in advance. * Many have many pages of adverts so that they could get missed. Posters * Must be clear and quick to the point.. * Relatively cheap to produce and make. * Can be seen again and again. * Can be placed near the shop where the product / service is currently on offer. * Posters cabn have large impact due to the size and colour and the boldness of the print. * They are very popular with art directors to get their message across in a different and eye catching way. * They have to be printed and distributed way before the product / service is available so they need to be created and planned months in advance. * Can become damaged and damaged so they need to have a level of looking after. * The message cannot be complex as many people will not stop to read an advert specifically just glimpse at it. * Some people see poster adverts as anti-environment. Radio * It gives the listeners an opportunity to use their imagination. * You can reach listeners whilst they are doing other things such as driving etc. * They can be local, regional or national. * Very popular and worth while during â€Å"drive time† * Radio adverts are quick to produce. * Intensive medium, it will make people think of it, even though they may have been thinking of something completely different. * Listeners for certain radio stations may be low and not worth while. * It is very difficult to advertise food and clothing product by radio as people want a visual representation. * You can buy a package from many of the bigger radio stations for certain â€Å"spots† during the day. Cinema * The visual power of the adverts is very effective with the visual representation and the sound in a cinema. * It is the strongest medium of all as you are going to watch it anyway because you are sitting down waiting for the film to start and as it is on such a large scale straight in front of you. * Campaigns can be local or national as all of the adverts can be edited onto the beginning of films by the cinema itself. * Book / soundtrack commercials are very effective too advertise for the film at the beginning as they are about to watch the film and may be interested. * Audiences often will chat through the adverts. TV * Hundreds of thousands of people watch TV every day so there is an enormous market to show the product / service to. * Vivid colour and sound though a television, giving the viewer a good visual representation of the product / service. * BBC channels do not have advertisements in them so that will cut down the number of viewers. * There are many channels on Sky that are becoming very specific to certain interests etc, so you are able to advertise to the right audience. * Many people either turn over when the adverts come on, or more recently with the creation of Sky+ etc you can simply fast forward them and skip them completely.

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Essay

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act - Essay Example means on the soil of the United States of America. The collection of information was initially from ‘foreign powers’ and ‘agents of foreign powers’ and the jurisdiction of the law extended to American Citizens and permanent residents of the United States suspected of violating US law or engaging in activities like espionage against the US government. (Jaeger, 2003) Foreign Intelligence information, in context of the FISA means and entails information necessary to protect the United States against potential or actual attack and/or sabotage or acts of international terrorism. Under FISA was also established the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, a special U.S. Federal court that holds nonpublic hearings in order to issue search warrants under FISA. Proceedings before the FISC are  ex parte, implying that the government is the only part present. However, in the year 2001, an important Amendment was made to the Act under the USA PATRIOT Act in order to encompass terrorist groups who don’t work on behalf of any foreign Governments and are essentially, Non-State actors engaging in activities, the likes of espionage on foreign soil. (Del, 2010) Let us delve into the ordinary article III warrant that is issued for the American nationals residing in the United States of America. There are certain steps and procedures that need to be followed in order for this warrant to be effectively executed without any illegal mishaps. First the police officer and the municipal judge need to be sure that there has been a certain violation of the law only after which the municipal judge can take out a search warrant to investigate the probable crime scene. For the execution of the warrant, nuanced details need to be taken care of such as any property that is seized should be taken in exchange for a receipt made in the name of the owner. Timeline is an important factor as the warrants issued need to be executed in the ten days afte r the issue is made. (Del, 2010) The primary difference between warrants issued under article III and under FISA is the probable cause requirement. As compared to an ordinary warrant which entails for an agent seeking it to prove past or present criminal activity and potential threat in the future, the warrants under FISA are issued when it is proven that the target is an agent of a foreign power or engaged in international terrorism. Thus we need to understand the fact that the probable cause requirement mentioned in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act corresponds to the agent just having to be proved to be a foreigner who is engaged in agent related activities. Once this is proven the agent can then be put on surveillance in order to gauge as much information as possible which would be of use or no use to the United States of America. Keeping this in mind and contrasting it with the article III warrant we see that in order to for this warrant to be issued, a long administrat ive process in undertaken so that first it is ascertained that for what

Position paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Position paper - Essay Example The existing lease accounting model is inconsistent in nature. Leasing is regarded as the most preferred financing option for the entities or the organizations. The leasing technique adopted in accordance with the existing technique in the past has caused various problems and differences in presentation of the financial statement of the entity. Therefore in order to overcome the limitations of the accounting standard in relation to the leasing, new proposed International Accounting Standard is formulated or introduced. According to the International Accounting Standard 17lease will not distinguish between the operating and the financial leases. The limitations or the challenges faced by the company in applying the accounting standard as per the International Accounting Standard and the FASB affected large number of companies or the industries entering into the lease agreement. In response to the criticism faced by the organization or entity for recognizing the operating and financial lease on the balance sheet of the concerned organization or entity, the standards are revised. The existing standard failed to meet the needs and requirement of the users of the financial statement. It fails to provide a faithful representation of the financial and operating leasing transactions. In order to overcome and face the criticisms the Standards in 2006 initiated a joint project for improvement and development of the financial reporting on the leasing activities of the organization under the International Accounting Standard Board and the US GAAP (Walton, 2011). The boards have decided to improve the approach for recognizing the asset and liabilities and the obligations created by the lease activities of the entity. The main objective of improvement or introducing revised accounting standard is that the company must be able to recognize the asset and liabilities arising from a lease. This initiative will

Homeland Security Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Homeland Security - Case Study Example The actions of this department are what are amalgamated into the term Homeland security. The main focus of this formation is to deal with issues of the domestic population, building the necessary infrastructure to deal with both internal and the external aggressions and threats, sovereignty and the protection of the U.S territory. Inside the United States of America, the â€Å"Homeland Security† concept recombines and extends to the state agencies’ entities and responsibilities. The Homeland security research lays down the composition and formation of the Homeland Defense and the Homeland Security. These include the Transportation Security Administration, the Secret Service of the United States, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Americas Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Border and Customs Protection and the United States Coast Guard. Others Include the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the United States National Guard, among other departments adding up to one hundred and eighty-seven companies. The functions of the Homeland security are a major responsibility of the state (Berman & Flint, 2003). There have been several issues that affect the United States of America and that the Department Of Homeland Security has been grappling to deal with over years and presently. These issues include terror attack threats, immigration, capabilities, resource allocation, civil liberties, incident response, transportation security, intelligence, biotechnology, cyber security, infrastructure, funding allocation, border control among other issues. This paper will focus on cyber security threat that has been a challenge to the United States of America’s Homeland security. Cyber threats have been a challenge, both in past and present, to the United States. The policy makers and the Department of Homeland Security have been working hard to deal with issues relating to cyber security. The fight has been backed up by the use of

BUSINESS - It's Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment Essay

BUSINESS - It's Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment - Essay Example Since men were able to express their ideas, religion had been the cause of fighting for example, the Crusades. Unfortunately people had used religion as a justification for fighting. Therefore the men who interpret the religion states, that killing innocent lives and looting is all justified and legal, as long as they are doing it for their religion, but in all other cases its a crime against humanity. Religious beliefs and principles do not justify war, just because one-person states that God had told them to fight and fight they shall is conspicuously unintelligent. Warfare destroys lives, using religion, as an excuse to murder countless victims is a mind-boggling question because violence should not be administered because of a religious conflict. War does not solve anything, only the cause of destruction. The Crusades is a shining example of a conflict that flourished from a difference in religions. The Europeans had called their Christian army more civilized then to the so-called infidels they are fighting. An army of being more civilized then the enemy can also be state as propaganda. No religion has a right to declare war on each other just because of "holy" land. The Pope had asked the people to fight in an unknown territory to regain the holy lands, in which if one does so, his sins will be forgiven. People left their wives, children, parents, family, and friends to fight in this "Holy War" just because the Pope had declared that fighting is forgivable and will enter heaven after death. People die in wars, there is no way that can be undone, or in another term, just. Sure the Crusades had brought Europe out of the Dark Ages but at what cost, the lives perished by the sword can never be healed. Due to lies, soldiers march proudly onto the battlefield awaiting a glorious victory i n the name of their holy God, having no doubts on where they goes in the afterlife.

MRP3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRP3 - Essay Example (ii) On the other hand, the fact those most male students often engage in Binge drinking leads to higher negative responses being expected. This leads to the findings that more male students like Binge drinking. Crego, A. et.at (2009). Binge SDrinking Affects Attentional and Visual Working Memory Processing in Young University Students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 33(11), p. 1970 – 1879. Labrie, J.; Pedersen, E.; Tobyf, L. & Lane, B. (2006). Heads Up! A Nested Intervention With FreshMen Male College Students and the Broader Campus Community to Promote Responsible Drinking. Journal of American College Health, Vol. 54(5), p. 301 – 304. *LaBrie, J. W et al. (2011). Protective behavioral strategies mediate the effect of drinking motives on alcohol use among heavy drinking college students: Gender and race differences. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 36(4), p. 354 – 361. Felicia, D.S.; Jack, D.; Francis, D.K. & Mark, G.S. (2005). Binge Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems Among Community College Students: Implications for Prevention Policy, Journal of American College Health, Vol.54 (3), p.137 -141 Kristins, V. et al. (2004). Binge Drinking in Female College Students: The Association of Physical Activity, Weight Concern and Depressive Symptoms. Journal of American College health, Vol.53 (3), p.133 –